Narration

 

Narration

Two Types of Narrations: Direct Speech and Indirect Speech 

Direct Speech 

Speaker	Reporting verb	Direct speech
Ram	Said	“I am very busy”

Indirect Speech

Reporter	Reporting verb	Linker	Reported Speech
Ram	Said	That	He was very busy

Narration (Assertive Sentence)

Rules :-

        i)            We use Linker before Indirect speech.

       ii)            The Pronouns are changed according to sense.

     iii)            If the reporting Verb “Said to” then it will be converted to “Told”

     iv)            If the Reporting Verb is in Past tense, we must make the following changes.

                   Direct                                                                  Indirect__________        

a)       Present indefinite                      becomes               Past  indefinite   

b)      Present Continuous                  becomes               Past Continuous

      c)  Present perfect   

      d)  Past Indefinite                           becomes               Past Perfect

e)      Past Perfect

f)        Past Continuous                        becomes              Past perfect continuous

g)       Future indefinite(Shall/will)       becomes              Future (should/would)

h)      Future Con (shall be/will be)   becomes              Future (should be/ would be)

 

Some words of time expression and place the expression is changed if the reporting the verb is in the past tense.

Direct	Indirect		Direct	Indirect
Now	Then		Here	There
Ago	Before		Hence	Thence
Today	That day		This	that
Tonight	That night		These	those
Tomorrow	The next day		Thus	That way
Yesterday	The previous day		Thus	So
Last night	The previous night

1. He said, “I do it”                                                    He said that he did it.

1. Ram said, “I am writing a letter”                           Ram said that he was writing a letter.

1. Shima said, “I have passed the examination”.      Shima said that she had passed the examination.

1. He said, “I wrote letters”.                                      He said that he had written letters.

1. He said, “I had done the work”                             He said that he had done the work.

1. He said,” I was playing football”.                         He said that he had been playing football.

1. He said,” I shall drive a car”                                 He said that he should drive a car.

Note 1 : If the Reporting verbs in the Present or Future Tense, The tense of the verb of  Direct speech

Is not changed at all.

1. The famer says, “ I am busy”.                   Ans- The farmer says that he is busy.

2. The farmer will say, “ I am busy”.            Ans- The farmer will say that he is busy.

Note 2 : If the Statement is habitual truth or eternal truth, no change of tense is required. 

1.        Rahul said , “I walk for an hour every morning”. Ans- Rahul said that he walk for an hour every morning.

2.        The teacher said, “ The sun rises in the east”.  Ans- The teacher said that the sun rises in the east.

Note 3. Students often change “it” into “that” in the indirect. But that is wrong. It remains unchanged.

Note 5. The changes do not occur if the speech is reported during the same period or at the same time.

  যদি বক্তব্যটি একই সময়ে বা একই জায়গায় Report করা হয়, তাহলে উপরিউক্ত পরিবর্তন গুলি করার প্রয়োজন হয় না ।

Speaker (at 10 a.m.) : The Inspector will visit our school today.

Reporter (at 10 a.m.) : He says that the inspector will visit their school today.

Reporter (at 5 p.m./ after few days): He said that the inspector would visit their school that day. 

Speaker (in Kolkata): Rabindranath Tagore born here.

Reporter (in Kolkata, but after a few days) : He said that Rabindranath Tagore was born here.

Reporter (in Delhi): He said that Rabindranath Tagore was born there. 

Note 6. : Normally, there are no changes in the verbs forms of modal auxiliaries like must, ought to

and should, Should often becomes would corresponding persons of the subject and had to is often

used in place of must.

সাধারণত, must, ought to এবং should এর মত modal auxiliary গুলির কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না ।

যদি কখনো must এর জায়গায় had to এবং Should এর জায়গায় subject এর person পরিবর্তন অনুযায়ী would বসে।

1.        Ratan said, “ we ought to go”      Ratan said that they ought to go.                             

2.        Laxman said, “we must go”. Laxman said that they must go/ had to go.

3.        Narrayan said to me, “ I should be grateful if you help me”. Narrayan told me that he would be grateful if I helped him.

4.        Karthik said to him. “You should be more careful”. Karthik told him that he should be more careful.